Globalization and the Environment Essay -- Environmental Ecology Pollu

Economy is certainly not a different thing from creation, utilization and trade. Financial aspects gives no consideration to products and enterprises gave essentially, air, water, soil and daylight that produce all that we requirement for endurance and all the wealth we can amass. What is the cost of globalization to the earth? Does globalization have similar objectives for a solid planet and equity for individuals? Timothy Taylor composes, â€Å"Moreover, enormous global organizations commonly don't see it to be to their greatest advantage to search out areas where they can contaminate most heavily.† He proceeds to clarify that these organizations have a plan set up with contamination control that satisfies the guidelines of nations with exacting ecological laws. He imagines that globalization is assisting with improving measures in low-salary nations of condition and work as opposed to frustrate them. Likewise, that globalization makes the world a progressively tranquil spot on account of the associations between individuals that are made. â€Å"The 200 biggest organizations on the planet utilize under 1% of the worldwide workforce, yet they control more than  ¼ of the world’s wealth,† compose Suzuki and Dressel. The bigger organizations are working all inclusive without obstruction and spending the characteristic assets with modest work abroad. Partnerships are not, at this point associated with the nearby economies yet to global laws that have been set up for their potential benefit. The riches that used to be disseminated to the benefit of open government assistance is currently being rerouted to the organizations through their emphasis on approaches of government. The current framework is permitting partnerships to make the principles of worldwide monetary action. As indicated by John Cavanaugh, creator of Global Dreams â€Å"Not just are these corpor... ...ebody thinks of a practical arrangement? The world is decreasing and littler consistently and maybe the History books of things to come will see this time and marvel how we could have been so oblivious as to allow the world to bite the dust. Works Cited: Splendid, Christopher, (2001), Biological affliction: the concealed expenses of Trade and monetary globalization, Harvard International Review, Winter 2001, pp 24-27. Grennes, Thomas, (2003), Creative Destruction and Globalization, Cato Journal, Winter 2003, pp.543-558 Newcomb, W. W. (1961) The Coahuiltecans: South Texas, the Indians of Texas: From Prehistoric to Modern Times, Austin, TX: UT Press, 1961 Suzuki, D., and Dressel, H., (1999), From stripped primate to superspecies. Toronto, Canada: Stoddard Publishing Co., Limited Taylor, Timothy (2002), reality with regards to globalization, Public Interest, Spring 2002, pp. 24-44.

Critically evaluate positivism's contribution to our understanding of Essay

Basically assess positivism's commitment to our comprehension of the reasons for criminal conduct - Essay Example Positivists utilize logical methods to clarify about occasions and practices of individuals (Scott, 2008). The hypothesis was basic in clarifying human conduct, especially criminal propensities. Comte concentrated on criminal conduct instead of the legitimate framework; he was keen on methods of forestalling criminal conduct. Positivism in criminology was related with positivist’s, for example, Cesare Lombrosso, perceived as â€Å"the father of present day criminology†. He utilized physiognomy hypotheses, and was impacted by Charles Darwin (Tibbetts, 2012). Positivism was one of the numerous schools of considerations that emerged in the eighteenth century so as to clarify about criminology. Different schools are the old style and the Chicago school. These various standards of musings depended on various ideal models. In contrast to the positivism, traditional hypothesis accepted that individuals had the unrestrained choice to pick anything they desired to do. There are different suppositions made in the positivism hypothesis. John Mill in the naturalism hypothesis said that sociologies ought to have a similar structure as normal sciences. Characteristic sciences, for example, science and material science can't be contrasted and sociologies, for example, human science and brain research. Be that as it may, Mill demanded that all are sciences, and to acquire objectivity in the sociologies they should utilize a similar structure as that of technical studies. Another rule of positivism is the solidarity of science. It said that all hypotheses ought to be summed up into one hypothesis. Another guideline via Carl Hempel and Mill is about clarifications, regularities and law. It said that the law should utilize logical clarifications in their work. Causation is a piece of the positivistic hypothesis. It was created by Hume; be that as it may, it has been censured for putting a great deal of consideration on the causation regularities than the genuine causation systems themselves. The causation standard attempts to show the connection between

Are students benefitted or harmed by general education Essay

Are understudies profited or hurt by general instruction - Essay Example offer understudies with the required qualifications for their picked vocations, the learning foundation despite everything has different tasks to carry out that are significant in this globalization time. General training, first, causes the understudy to improve as an individual, parent, resident, life partner, or representative than they would have been something else. This is on the grounds that general training gives understudies additional data that would not have been remembered for their particular vocation courses. Therefore, it makes student’s entire adjusted individuals. The nation needs legal advisors, researchers, agents, clinical experts, law authorization experts and teachers and different experts who have created basic reasoning abilities and are acquainted with a portion of the essential parts of human reasoning. The move toward constrained information to the detriment of general instruction doesn't think about expert basic reasoning. In this way, general instru ction gives such experts basic intuition abilities in an assortment of fields (Goessl). Furthermore, it is significant for residents in a popular government to take an interest and vote dependent on decision making ability and not fixated on the impulses of the legislators who attempt to execute unreasonable and non-judicious influences to control the voters. A solid premise in the humanities, expressions and sciences as gave by the general training course can help address such issues (Goessl). Despite the fact that the understudy won't recollect much in some coming a very long time about a brain science, reasoning, or material science class, gave as general training, the basic reasoning aptitudes that they gain in these different fields will work well for them and remain with them for a mind-blowing duration. These equivalent picked up abilities can likewise help the understudy from being held at deliver by the tricky control that a few sponsors use. In this manner, it very well may be said that a portion of the courses understudies learn when all is said in done instruction, which outwardly may seem, by all accounts, to be commonplace and exhausting, underneath the surface are really useful in building up their

Judicial Discretion and Jurisprudence - Free Essay Example

Moral questions impact the law at every corner. A rigid separation between morality, law, and discretion is implausible and, as Wacks defines it, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“an improbable enterprise.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [1] In theory and in practice, the judiciary functions as the crux of the common law in Hong Kong. It is therefore in judicial discretion that the perception of law is segregated into two main schools of thought: legal naturalism and positivism. The naturalistic claim that the very essence of law is its morality is contrasted by the positivistic allegation of a moral-free code of law. This essay explores judicial discretion in Hong Kong under each discipline and argues that the naturalistic approach is more coherent and justifiable under three accounts: constitutional checks, constructive interpretation, and moral accountability. In pursuit of a thorough analysis, the definitions of law, morality, and discretion must first be interpreted. I emphasize the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"interpretationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ to give light to the complexity in sufficiently defining said terms. Law, as H.L.A. Hart à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the most prominent modern positivist in the twentieth century[2] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" declares, is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a system ofà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ social rules that direct and appraise behavior.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [3] In my words, law is defined as the social phenomenon that establishes guidelines and restrictions for human b ehavior. The term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“moralityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  refers to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a code of conduct, given specified conditions, would be put forward by all rational persons.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [4] As per my opinion then, morality is an unwritten and objective code of conduct that the community generally abides to. Lastly, Westen states that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“discretion meansà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ an area within which the discretion-holder has authority to adopt, or not to adopt, whatever rule he deems fit.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [5] Discretion, in this sense, describes the power of an authority to exercise his/her decision in accordance to rules and laws. It is noted that these definitions are, at best, elementary to the intricacies underlying the colossal concepts of law, morality, and discretion; thus, to narrow the scope, I approach these concepts with a focus within the Hong Kong jurisdiction. The lineage of debates between naturalism and positivism in jurisprudence have extended over centuries. Essentially, naturalism provides that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“act of positing lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ can and should be guided by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"moralà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ principles and rules; that those moral norms are a matter of objective reasonableness, not of whim, convention, or mere à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"decisionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [6] The judicial process, under a naturalistic approach, present the judges with the duty to ensure moral foundations are met. Dworkin calls it à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“law as integrityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ : It supposes that lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s constraints benefit society not just by providing predictability or procedural fairness, or in some other instrumental way, but by securing a kind of equality among citizens that makes their community more genuine and improve its moral justification for exercising the political power it does.[7] The modern advocacy of positivism, however, denies moral considerations in exercising discretion; as Hart declares: The rule-making authority must exercise a discretion, and there is no possibility of treating the question raised by the various cases as if there were one uniquely correct answer to be found, as distinct from an answer which is a reasonable compromise between conflicting interests.[8] Thus, Hart identifies a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“rule of recognitionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [9] in its positivistic model to establish that the considerations of judicial discretion are only whether compliance with the legal systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s criteria of valid laws are met. In other words, in exercising positivistic discretion under the rule of recognition, the judiciary decides whether or not the law is valid according to the criteria enacted by legislature or unwritten societal compliance, but not to the extent of moral contemplations. Within context of Hong Kong, I argue that the naturalistic approach is evidenced by its constitutional checks and balances and must be so in the preservation of the common la w system. The immediate challenge in exercising discretion post-1997 between Dworkinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s model of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“law as integrityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [10] and Hartà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s model of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“rule of recognitionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [11] is embedded in HKSAR v Ma Wai Kwa-n David[12]. The Court of Appeal is vested with decisions in the maintenance of the common law system and the jurisdiction of the Hong Kong courts to question the legality of laws and decisions enacted by the National Peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Congress (NPC). To declare that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“regional courts have no jurisdiction to query the validity of any legislation or acts passed by the sovereignà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [13], the Court of Appeal signals that judicial discretion exercised the positivistic à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“rule of recognitionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  to establish that although unsettling to the libertarian moral values embodied in the rule of law, the only concern is whether the compliance with the cr iteria of valid laws are met.[14] Under a purely positivistic approach then, no court shall exercise its discretion to safeguard the liberty in the rule of law. Yet, in Ng Ka Ling v Director of Immigration[15], the learned Chief Justice Li overturns the decision of the Court of Appeal in Ma Wai Kwan David[16], asserting that In exercising their judicial power conferred by the Basic Law, the courts of the Region have a duty to enforce and interpret that Law. They undoubtedly have the jurisdiction to examine whether legislation enacted by the legislature of the Region or acts of the executive authorities of the Region are consistent with the Basic Law and, if found to be inconsistent, to hold them to be invalid.[17] The constitutional check of the executive branch, the legislative council, and even the National Peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s congress was a matter not of positivistic decision, but of a naturalistic discretion to uphold the morality of freedoms in the rule of law. It i s with principles of fundamental libertarian rights that the courts exercise its discretion, and thus adopt adherence to a moral code of conduct. Though the subsequent referral to the Standing Committee of the National Peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Congress (NPCSC) under Article 158[18] inevitably undermines the courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s discretion, judges continue to resist the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“rule of recognitionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  to protect the underlying principles of fairness in the moral code of conduct, as recognized by Bokhary PJà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s dissenting opinion in Lau Kong Yung v Director of Immigration[19]: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In Hong Kong where we aspire to be humane as well as orderly, it is plain that the Director would have been duty-bound at least to read the applications to see if they or any one or more of them disclosed a strongand obvious case for a favourable exercise on humanitarian grounds of his discretion.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [20] Essentially, Bokhary PJ acknowledges that there are legal grounds of which the administrative decision-maker issues removal-orders against the respondents; however, he also believes that the decision-maker failed to exercise his discretion according to a moral code of conduct that is essential to the common law system. As observed by Wacks, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the virtues of the common law should not be exaggerated, but few will dispute that its perpetuation is a sine qua non of our liberty. This is largely because a legal system is essentially a kind of moral system.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [21] Consequently, in the preservation of Hong Kongà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s common law system, I argue that the naturalistic approach towards discretion is essential to inhabit the underlying moral principles of liberty. Dworkin outlines another element of naturalism in its à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“constructive interpretationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [22] by which the concept of law does not adhere the judiciaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s intuition at face value (as Hart cl aims), but embodies the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“great network of political structures and decisions of his communityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [23]. Moral principles of an individual judge can be skewed, and thus to discover and apply the morality of the community as a whole, law is interpreted constructively through legislation and precedents. A judge shall then exercise his/her discretion, in the sacrifice of his/her personal moral perception, to adhere to the communityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s moral code to enact new precedents and laws.[24] The significance of constructive interpretation in maintaining the Hong Kong common law system is overwhelming. In the event that judgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s personal morals are vested in his/her judgment, individual rights become fragile. Hong Kong courts have long abided to the common lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s tradition of protecting rights[25], and to now shatter these rights in a positivistic approach would be unfathomable. Should the concepts of law, morality, and disc retion stand alone as positivism suggests, then in my opinion, the common law will be driven out of Hong Kong. To maintain the common law system as per the intent of Article 8[26], the naturalistic approach of moral accountability in constructive interpretations of the judiciary branch must be practiced. Lastly, the stance of judicial accountability is subjected to two interpretations. Under Hartà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s positivistic procedural standard, he declares that justice consists in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"treating like cases alikeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[27]. Therefore, a judge is held accountable in his/her discretion in impartiality of treating cases alike. Yet, there are situations in which unjust laws may call for judicial discretion on the basis of morality. R M Hare illustrates this in his à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“two-level structure of moral thinkingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ : Let us suppose that a judge is asked to justify his sentencing a convicted prisoner. He can answer first at the intuitive leve l, pointing that the prima facie principles have been observedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. If the laws themselves are questioned, the judge can refer the questioner to the legislature, together with the sound prima facie principle that the judges should not depart from what is laid down by statute If he is asked à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Why these principles? He will have to appeal to critical thinking[28] Within the context of Hong Kong, judges are held accountable to Article 89[29], in which it is stipulated that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a judgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ may only be removed for inability to discharge his or her duties, or for misbehavior, by the Chief Executive on the recommendation of a tribunal appointed by the Chief justice of the Court of Final Appeal and consisting of not fewer than three local judges.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [30] The question that arises then is whether or not the judgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s duties held accountable to the basis of morality. I argue that it is in fact so as evidenced by the ea rly resignation of Chief Justice Andrew Li Kwok-nang. In controversy over the Court of Final Appealà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s submission to the NPCSC interpretation in Ng Ka Ling[31], the learned Chief Justice Li was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“criticized for his ignorance of the social impact of the court judgment.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [32] According to a local newspaper, Shiu Sin-por, the director of the One Country Two Systems Institute, even suggested that Hong Kongà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s court judges should embody the principles of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“one country, two systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  by considering the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“general interest of the societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“social consequences of the judgments.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [33] One commentator of a different newspaper even added that: As the judiciaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s chief, Li Kwok-nang cannot escape the responsibility that his judgment on January 29 brought about the central governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s strong attack and thus endan gering the foundation of Hong Kongà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s judicial independence. As a judge, he has no political responsibility. But as the judiciaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s chief, he should shoulder the political responsibility of his mistake. His resignation could establish a model for the legal elite and successors to maintain judicial independence and to confront the central governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interference. If he does not resign, his fifteen years of office will have great difficulties.[34] The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“surprise resignationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [35] of Chief Justice Li indicates that he was held morally accountable through the voices of the community for his discretion in Ng Ka Ling[36], and in failure to defend the moral code of liberty in the society, it was inevitable that he must resign. That is to a moral consideration under naturalism that Chief Justice Li was held accountable to, and not a positivistic duty to ensure procedural fairness and impartiality. Consequen tly, it is with confidence that I conclude that law, morality, and discretion are interconnected in Hong Kong under a naturalistic school of thought, and must continue to do so in the preservation of the common law system. In a constitutional quest for the autonomy of Hong Kong, the judiciary strives to exercise its discretion in protecting the principles and policies of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fairness, equality, and justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [37] in our legal system. As a result, under the evidence found in constitutional checks, constructive interpretation, and moral accountability, the three concepts of law, morality, and discretion cannot and must not stand alone. Works Cited Table of Cases HKSAR v Ma Wai Kwan David [1997] 2 HKC 315 Ng Ka Ling v Director of Immigration [1999] 1 HKC 291 Lau Kong Yung v Director of Immigration [1999] 4 HKC 731 Table of Legislation The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the Peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Republic of Ch ina Secondary Sources R Wacks,Law, Morality, and the Private Domain(Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2000) M H Kramer, C Grant, B Colburn, and A Hatzistarou, The Legacy of H.L.A.: Legal, Political, and Moral Philosophy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008) H L A Hart, The Concept of Law (2nd Ed., Oxford: Oxford Clarendon Press, 1994) Gert, Bernard, The Definition of Morality,The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy(Fall 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta(edn), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2012/entries/morality-definition/ P Westen, The Meaning of Equality in Law, Science, Math, and Morals: A Reply, 81 Mich. L. Rev. 604, 642 (1983) J M Finnis,Natural Law and Natural Rights (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980) R Dworkin, Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Empire (London: Fontana Paperbacks, 1987) Simon Lee, Judging Judges (London: Faber Faber, 1988) P Wesley-Smith, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Protecting Human Rights in Hong Kongà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Human Rights i n Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1992) R M Hare, Moral Thinking Its Levels, Method and Point (Oxford Clarendon Press, 1981) S Shiu-Hing Lo, The Dynamics of Beijing-Hong Kong Relations: A Model for Taiwan? (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2008) Ming Pao, 26 May 1999, p. A9, as translated by S Shiu-Hing Lo Wong On-yin, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It is wise for Li Kwok-nang to resignà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Apple Daily, June 28, 1999, D1, as translated by S Shiu-Hing Lo A Wong, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Lawmakers Endorse Geoffrey Ma As Top Judgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , South China Morning Post, 10 June, 2010 https://www.scmp.com/article/716689/lawmakers-endorse-geoffrey-ma-top-judge 1 [1] R Wacks,Law, Morality, and the Private Domain(Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2000), p 1 [2] M H Kramer, C Grant, B Colburn, and A Hatzistarou, The Legacy of H.L.A.: Legal, Political, and Moral Philosophy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), p xiii [3] H L A Hart, The Concept of Law (2nd Ed., Oxford: Oxford Clarendon Press, 1994), p xiii. [4] Gert, Bernard, The Definition of Morality,The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy(Fall 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta(edn), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2012/entries/morality-definition/. [5] P Westen, The Meaning of Equality in Law, Science, Math, and Morals: A Reply, 81 Mich. L. Rev. 604, 642 (1983) [6] J M Finnis,Natural Law and Natural Rights (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), p 290 [7] R Dworkin, Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Empire (London: Fontana Paperbacks, 1987), p 95-96 [8] H L A Hart (n 3), p 210 [9] H L A Hart (n 3), p 200 [10] R Dworkin (n 7), p 95-96 [11] H L A Hart (n 3 ), p 200 [12] HKSAR v Ma Wai Kwan David [1997] 2 HKC 315 [13] Ibid, 334 [14] R Wacks (n 1), p 7 [15] Ng Ka Ling v Director of Immigration [1999] 1 HKC 291 [16] Ma Wai Kwan David (n 12) [17] Ng Ka Ling (n 15), 322-323 [18] The Basic Law, Art 158 [19] Lau Kong Yung v Director of Immigration [1999] 4 HKC 731 [20] Ibid, 754-755 [21] R Wacks (n 1), p 4 [22] Dworkin (n 7), p 52 [23] Ibid [24] Simon Lee, Judging Judges (London: Faber Faber, 1988), p 30 [25] P Wesley-Smith, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Protecting Human Rights in Hong Kongà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Human Rights in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1992) [26] The Basic Law, Art 8 [27] H L A Hart (n 3), p 155-157 [28] R M Hare, Moral Thinking Its Levels, Method and Point (Oxford Clarendon Press, 1981), p 159 [29] The Basic Law, Art 89 [30] Ibid [31] Ng Ka Ling (n 15) [32] S Shiu-Hing Lo, The Dynamics of Beijing-Hong Kong Relations: A Model for Taiwan? (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2008), p 85 [33] Ming Pao, 26 May 1999, p. A9, as translated by S Shiu-Hing Lo (n 32) [34] Wong On-yin, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It is wise for Li Kwok-nang to resignà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Apple Daily, June 28, 1999, D1, as translated by S Shiu-Hing Lo (n 32) [35]A Wong, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Lawmakers Endorse Geoffrey Ma As Top Judgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , South China Morning Post, 10 June, 2010 https://www.scmp.com/article/716689/lawmakers-endorse-geoffrey-ma-top-judge [36] Ng Ka Ling (n 15) [37] R Wacks (n 1), p 4

The competitive Advantage of First mover and Late Mover - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2270 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Technology Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? The competitive Advantage of First mover and Late Mover Abstract Nowadays due to technology advancement, the way of how businesses were conducted has evolved to be more globally attributed and dependable to technological innovation aids. Furthermore, technology could help a firm to be sustained by having competitive advantage, and this especially true in the situation of where firm had the strong dependency towards technology innovation. Technology had becomes more important to specific firm or business when it has the ability to significantly affect their competitive advantage or industry structure. Thus, it is important for firms to choose and execute their strategy systematically to stay competitive and sustainable in the market. In this report, the strategy of how firms enter a new market will be discussed in term of first-mover and late-mover, taking into account on the creation of how a firm could be either first mover or late-mover, the advantage a nd disadvantage of being first-mover and late mover, and lastly giving conclusion and insight of what strategy could be better to be implemented in particular situation. Discussion will begin with explanations and definition of what constitute first mover and their advantage and disadvantages. In this part, researcher Marvin B. Lieberman and David B. Montgomery, 1988 in their article survey about first-mover advantages were referred. They enlighten that there are 3 ways of how first-mover could achieve their advantages. The first sources of how first-mover competitive advantage could be triggered are (i) technological leadership, (ii) preemption of assets, and (iii) buyer switching cost. Technological leadership will benefit first-mover in term of leadership in innovation, which ensure the sustainability in technology. Being the first in the market, provide sustainable cost advantage could be achieved if learning curve could be maintained exclusively. This due to the unit prod uction of cost will fall with cumulative output as explained in standard learning-curve model. As learning curve could be made exclusively, this could also make advantage to the first-mover by setting up extensive barrier to entry. Moreover, preemption of assets help first-mover to achieve advantage in term of domination of market shares. As first-mover could controlled the market shares earlier, this provide a barrier for late entrants to seize an amount of market shares which dominated by first-mover. First-mover also could gain the advantage by preempting the scarce asset. By having the control over existing and available assets, first-mover could deter rival in scarce assets acquisition. Preemption of location in geographic and product characteristics also could lead to advantage for those firm which is first-mover. Being the first-mover, advantage could be achieved through preemption of locations in geographic by entering most viable and profitable market earlier than the rivals. Thus, by implementing strategic action to secure and dominates the market, late-mover will find it is so difficult and viewed it as unprofitable to enter the market. This consequently could deter the subsequent entrants. Furthermore, Research and Development (RD) and patents also secure the first-mover advantages. By having extensive and effective RD, this could lead to discovery of new technology, which could be patented. Thus, as patents exist, this could serve as trade secrets. By doing business as the first-mover, this also provide head start for them to do research and exploit all possible potentially new technology, hence provide numerous patents to protect them from patent-race by future rivals. Buyer switching cost, affect first-mover firm advantages in term of time and resources which will be spent by late-movers in qualifying as a new supplier. Whenever late-mover settle in within firstly occupied market by those first-mover, late-mover had the obstacle and resistance in order to be familiarized by the customers or buyer. This will drop profit margin hence, increase operating cost. This will bring harm to late-mover as the costs incurred are higher compared to the first-mover. Besides, switching cost could surface due to supplier specific learning by the buyer or customer. In this situation, when customers are familiar enough with one specific supplier, they will embrace the brand, and become loyal. Therefore, it is quit difficult for new entrants or late-entrants to steal that loyal customer or buyer from the first-mover firm. Moreover, research by Tariq Malik, 2012 which study the advantage of first-mover for a firm when doing strategic alliances with host companies has showed that there is significant advantage for the first mover. (Malik, 2012) The result of this study has support the hypothesis which are first-mover firm in forming an international alliance in China would perform better than late-mover. This finding seen con sistent with literature by Lieberman and Montgomery, 1988, and this is due to first-mover creating an environment which is disfavor by late-entrants. For example, when the first-mover has established relationship between China (Joseph G. Nellis, 1997)firms, through strategic alliances, first-mover has the advantage as they will know on how to do business with China government, organization and media. Moreover, first mover also had the edge over late-move in acquiring strategic location, hired and training the human resources, locked in strategy partner, and has created many consumer loyalties for its technology, products and services. Another empirical study could be seen in Thomas Cleff et. al research of Are there any first-mover advantages for pioneering firms? Lead market oriented business strategies for environment innovation. In this research, it has been found that a successful innovator is not necessarily become the first but one of the first-movers within the competition of different innovation design. Concluding from this study, there is advantage from being the first-mover, however it is depending on the environmental circumstances. This describe that first-mover has higher risk compared to late-mover. Furthermore, through this research, it also found that first-mover advantages are not available and very risky if in condition where suddenly technology changes abruptly. Moreover, increase in market dynamic increases potential of first-mover, however does not guarantee it. It also could be learned that, in order to achieve first-mover advantage, it has to acquire the ability in developing dominant design, so that can be market leader. Lead-market approach also crucial for the first-mover to compete with late-mover, as late-mover could diffuse faster than expected if first-mover does not take lead-market approach. Lead-market approach also crucial in faster and widespread diffusion of new technology, so that could not be surpassed by late-mover. (Thomas Cleff, 2012). In emerging economy, first-mover also has the ability to expand business without attracting much attention from the incumbents from the domestic firm. First-mover also should have the necessary human capital, physical and monetary resources in order to stay in advantages zone, if do not want to be outperformed by the late-mover. To wrap up, in order for first-mover to maintain its profit and advantages, they should be one step ahead of its competitor, however as consequences this will require a high rate of innovation in term of technical and new product development. (Joseph G. Nellis, 1997) First-mover advantages could be seen in various areas such as technology leadership, the domination of asset, and also the switching cost. However, first-mover also could posses several disadvantages, which indirectly will explain as the late-mover advantages. Disadvantages of being the first-mover in the market includes the (i) free-rider effects, (ii) resolution of technological or market uncertainty (iii) shift in technology or customer needs, and (iv) incumbent inertia. Late-mover could have advantage in free-rider effect, as late-mover can imitate where first mover innovate. They can imitate in various part involving the Research and Development (RD), buyer education and infrastructure development. As consequences, they have advantage in cost reduction as imitation is less costly when compared to innovation cost. This ability to imitate then, leads to could reduction of the profitability to first-mover. Resolution of technological or market uncertainty is also one of the advantage of late mover. How late-mover can benefit from this factor is by being late to enter a certain unknown market. This will reduce the risky selection of market, as being first in the unknown market, will serve many challenges and risk to be overcome. As late-mover could delay their time to enter unknown market, they could avoid any unwelcome problem or issues . Shifts in technology or changing in customers need also affect the first-mover and this will be taken advantage by late-mover. Marvin B. Lieberman and David B. Montgomery in their journal has review many literature on how shift in technology or changing customer demand can cause advantage to the late-entrants, which relate to creative destruction model introduced by Schumpt (Schumpter, 1961)er (1961). Through creative destruction model, existing product were said to be obsolete by the emergence of innovation of new firms. This late-entrant then will exploit technological discontinuity which by eliminating and replacing existing incumbent. While customers need something new and this will create dynamic condition. This will create loophole where late-mover could take advantage, unless the first-mover are very fast to alert and respond. While in incumbent inertia, late-mover could be in advantage as late-mover can evade from being locked in specific set of asset. First-mover di sadvantage in incumbent inertia also could probably become organizationally inflexible, thus they cannot respond to environmental changes or competitive threats. (Montgomery, 1988) Reviewing from marketing perspective, late mover could be seen as having the potential to leapfrog those first movers at least in two ways either by beating them in their own game, or secondly by surpassing them using innovation as the tool. In term of beating first movers in their own game, late movers approach could start by providing consumers preferences in the category of product positioned by first mover. This could be the source and anchor for competition to start, hence late movers could take the opportunity to see any gap, overlooked superior product positioned, compete on price, or even could take the action to flood the market hence liquefy first moverà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s distribution. Whereas, in term of innovation, late mover could innovated their products or strategy, hence could bring the competition between late entrants and first mover come to intense, providing late entrants to surpass first mover. (Venkatesh Shankar, Gregory S. Carpenter and Lakshman Krishnamurthi, 1998). Moreover, study conducted by Venkatesh Shankar, Gregory S. Carpenter and Lakshman Krishnamurthi, 1998 shows that innovation lead to the key of late mover advantage when compared to first movers entrants. First mover or also known as pioneer has the advantage in experiencing higher potential market compare to those late mover. Furthermore, the diffusion and marketing mix effectiveness are unaffected by diffusion of non-innovative late entrants. However, when compared with that late mover with innovative, which is stated as innovative late mover, even higher market potential could be achieved with higher repeat purchase rate compared to first mover. Moreover, innovative late mover claimed to create asymmetry in diffusion as it has unequal response to marketing expenditure, market potential and repeat sales. For example, when first moverà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s diffusion take place, consumers will shift to the late-mover products does not affected much due to market shares potential and also consumers preferences towards late mover still strong. However, when innovative late-mover diffuse, they will diffuse faster as they had the more superior innovation and lower price compare to the first-mover. In term of brand growth, pioneer will have to spend a lot of advertising cost, as to create awareness of brand for product and the product category. However, late-mover does not have to prepare such cost, or in other words they could enjoy less expenditure on creating awareness, but only focus on developing brand awareness and could depend on the first-mover to establish the category. They also find the implication of late-mover if, late-mover could not beat first-mover in their own game, which cannot defeat first-moverà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s diffusions or marketing strategy, which in turn will cause late-mover will experience low repeats rates and also less effective marketing plan, another way of how late-mover could be in advantage should be discovered. In this situation, what late-mover could do is to lower the price, and spend more on marketing mix. However, it is effective for late-mover to refine their product in which category in compete with the first-mover in order to beat and compete more intensely. (Venkatesh Shankar, 1998). Conclusion In conclusion, being first-mover and late-mover has their own disadvantages and advantages. Thus, in order to implement an entry strategy, the requirement and deep understanding of each firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s SWOT and the market where they would like to enter is required. To become first-mover in an industry, a firm should possess technological leadership, preemption of asset and also buyer switching cost. In order to maintain first-mover advantage to be sustainable, first-mover should be one step ahead of co mpetitior or late-mover so that learning curve could be made exclusive hence slowing down the innovation process diffusion by the late-mover. In the other side, late-mover could have the advantage in term of free-rider effect, which focuses on imitation or refining of the first-mover product category. However, late mover must be aware that if first-mover is very fast in product innovation and development, hence slowing down product diffusion in the market, focus on quality and pricing could be made. Finally, to choose either first-mover or late-mover is the best strategy is depending on the requirement, circumstances, market condition, assets and also firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s capacity and capability. References Joseph G. Nellis, D. P. (1997). The Essence of Business Economics. New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. Malik, T. (2012). First-Mover, Strategic Alliances and performance: Context of turmoil in China. Chinese Management Study, 647-667. Montgomery, M. B. (198 8). First-Mover Advantage. Strategic Management Journal, 41-58. Schumpter, J. (1961). The Theory of Economic Development. New York: Oxford University Press. Thomas Cleff, K. R. (2012). Are there any first-mover for pioneering firms? Lead market oriented business strategies for environmental innovation. European Journal of Innovation, 1460-1060. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The competitive Advantage of First mover and Late Mover" essay for you Create order

Nelly Dean, the Narrator of Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights: Nelly the Narratornbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp; Emily Bronte wrote the book Wuthering Heights from the narrative point of view of Nelly, a servant who lived most of her life with Catherine. Many have questioned why Bronte would do so.nbsp; Why did she not choose someone with more knowledge? Why did she not choose a major character like Heathcliff or Catherine?nbsp; The choice to make Nelly the narrator is what makes the book so great. She is one who qualifies most to be the narrator. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; This book is very much about love and hate, and Nelly is the one who is totally un-opinionated about the characters.nbsp; She was like a mother figure,†¦show more content†¦81)nbsp; Hareton probably does not remember her, which shows the lack of appreciation everyone had for her.nbsp; No one praised her like nbsp;Heathcliff and Edgar praised Catherine, but no one hated her like Hindly hated nbsp;Heathcliff.nbsp; In fact, she was the middle man that made the transition fromnbsp; Wuthering Heights to Thrushcross Grange so smooth.nbsp; If she had not been the narrator we would not know what went on at Thrushcross Grange.nbsp; Nelly manages to know what went on at Wuthering Heights because of her good relationship with everyone.nbsp; So, even though Nelly was not present there, she still had the capabilities to know what was going on.nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Though the story does not contain a specified â€Å"mother figure†, Nellys role implies just that.nbsp; Oddly, every time a lad was born, the mother died during the birth. This led to Nellys mother like role.nbsp; She did not play her mother like role merely with Hareton and Cathy, (the two lads whos mothers died during labor) but she also played the role with Heathcliff and Catherine. ***IS CATHY A LAD?***nbsp; When Heathcliff retaliated against Hindly and decided not to eat due to his pride, Nelly brought him someShow MoreRelated The Narrative Structure of Wuthering Heights and Heart of Darkness1152 Words   |  5 PagesThe Narrative Structure of Wuthering Heights and Heart of Darkness      Ã‚  Ã‚   Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte was first published in 1847, during the Victorian Era. Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad was first published as a complete novel in 1902, beginning what is referred to as the Modernist Era in literature. Each of these compelling stories is narrated by an uninvolved character who is quoting a story told to them by a character who actually participated in the story being told. 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Models And Practice Of The Lean Principles †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Models And Practice Of The Lean Principles. Answer: Introduction The business mechanisms and tools which allude to the organization for operations and practices to create largest amount of productivity inside the business association can be named as operations administration. Essentially the key thought has been influenced centered on the administration and organization of the operations or the procedures which can be settled by the business association for creating and upgrading the capability. This will thus lead achieve a hike in the level of effectiveness in the functionalities and operations executed by the business company. The procedure of operations administration in like manner contains the transformation of the raw materials and information into items and ventures in order to accomplish the best level of efficiency prompting a higher gainfulness. The major concern of the idea is keeping up the harmony between the costs and the incomes in order to achieve the most raised net benefit for the business enterprise. As portrayed in points of i nterest the system likewise includes the administration which makes the ideal use of human asset, materials, instruments and devices and the imagination. Moreover it likewise incorporates coordinating, laying out, controlling, and the distinctive procedures inside the business element. In addition lean principles are the concept which has been presented and analyzed from the given case study. Basically the concept of lean principles is concerned with the objective of disposing of waste the non-esteem included parts in any procedure. Unless a procedure has experienced lean numerous circumstances, it contains some component of waste (Heizer, 2016). At the point when done effectively, lean can make enormous upgrades in effectiveness, process duration, profitability, material expenses, and scrap, prompting lower costs and enhanced intensity. The below executed report has been analyzed on the adoption and implementation of the theories and practice of lean principle. Generation of momentum The hardest piece of an undertaking is regularly simply beginning. Moving from a smart thought to a venture group on the ground working and executing a strong arrangement is extreme. Development of force should be done (Slack, 2015). The below executed are the reasons which have aided in generation of the momentum for implementing the lean project in SONAE MC: Executive buy-in: This mechanism has been considered as one of the first methods which can be adopted the SONAE MC for generating the momentum for starting any of the projects. This method has been also considered as a beneficial one as it entails in understanding the mission and aids of the project (Darer 2015). A project without any benefits wont be proven beneficial for longer run. In this method the main role is of the executives and the decision makers .i.e. the managerial team and senior authorities. They are required to understand the about the concept in what they are dealing and also the understanding the factor which will be proven beneficial for the organization. Evaluation of all these factors is required to be done before devoting their time and resources into the project. Life cycle of lean project The implementation of lean principles in SONAE MC has been demonstrated with the help of the below described segments: The beginning: On the basis of the executed research it has been observed from the case study that in July 2006 Jaime Maia contemplated and reacted for the changes brought in by the Portugal and according to which the employees are required to get the training of 35 hours per year by the company. Moreover, he was also interested in the concept of the on-job training instead of classroom training (Krajewski, Ritzman and Malhotra, 2013). This approach was proven beneficial as to avoid the chances of removing the workers for a longer run. After this he consulted with the Kaizen Institute for the training programs in the lean system as these approaches were fitting best according to his thoughts. Also a significant amount of Muda was uncovered y the KIs lean perspective on operations In the concept of lean the improvement was observed after combining the training programs. The further process has been segmented in the below mentioned phases. The first phase is known as pilot program which had some well-defined focus the three store process (goods reception, replenishment and multi-replenishment), three sectors of store operations (food, non-food and textiles), application of tree simple lean tools (5s, visual management and standard work) (Hitt, Carnes and Xu, 2016). This step was introduced after the introduction of various seminars from the duration of March to May 2007and which was attended by regional operations manager. The main objective of the seminars was to explain regarding the lean tools and also testing of the same should be done immediately. The managers were supposed to provide training sessions regarding the lean concept to the employees after the seminars (Naveen et al., 2013). The below mentioned are some of the benefits which were observed after the adoption of the seminars: There was an increase in the productivity Also a reduction in the inventory level was observed Reduced stock-outs Reduction in breakages The next is the phase two which is regarding the consolidation and expansion and the same was decided by the business entity after the success of the programs of 2007 (Khanna, 2015). The below mentioned are the several ways in which SONAE MC decided to expanding: For all the sectors in the stores Inclusion of additional lean approaches And considering each and every employee with the program And the third phase is formalization and consistency. This included the problem which was of implementation of the process as it was difficult to have a visibility, due to the large teams of about 20000 employees. Also due to some circumstances there was a need for an internal audit system (Brown, Bessant and Lamming, 2013). And hence SIM auditing system was introduced .i.e. (System for the implementation of Kaizen Improvements) this comprises of the two levels of lean implementation of This system also enabled the business entity in identifying the test practices stores The last phase is regarding the internal logistics and is also known as the pilot stage. The main objective of this stage was to maintain the implementation of level 1 and also start building the inroad into level 2 (Goetsch and Davis, 2014). After that there were introduction of 3 internal logistics projects were doene while making concentration on the value stream mapping. Challenges in implementation of lean principles The concept is concerned with the minimization of the waste and also reduction of expenses through modifications and continuous improvements in the operational efficiencies (Sheth, Deshpande and Kardani, 2014). The concept relies on the integrated mechanisms of systems and also the radical shift in the organization etc. The below mentioned are the issues which can be faced by SONAE MC while implementing the lean principles: Supply chain issues: Lean manufacturing incorporates the minimization or close disposal of capacity time for approaching materials and active items. Executing an in the nick of time requesting framework is important to guarantee that crude materials are always coming in at the ideal rate to take care of operational demand (Zahraee et al., 2014). This will require the business entity to develop close coordination with providers, notwithstanding going similarly as incorporating computerized requesting and arranges satisfaction frameworks between the organizations (Ahmad, 2013). Employee development: Executing lean manufacturing philosophies in the business organization will make an ability hole that must be crossed. The mechanical foundation required to oversee store network issues while keeping up robotized generation and quality-control frameworks requires more-taught and prepared workers than conventional sequential construction system setups (Nallusamy et al., 2015). Lean manufacturers require highly skilled and trained workforce to examine, repair and plan the format of robotized generation innovation consistently. Experts will probably require wellbeing accreditations and exceptional licenses to work and keep up such frameworks, and they request substantially higher pay than general-work representatives. Extension of lean principles to customer flows The core idea of the concept is that a flow should be created for the products (Modi and Thakkar, 2014). The flow can be from person to person, sections to sections in the organization, or facilities to facilities. This process is all about making movement of the products or an individual through a service mechanism. This segment has been considered as one of the significant part of the approach of lean principles. The core concept is to ensure the offerings flows to the service user. There should be no delay, no waiting, no diversions, no pauses. Ideally this process is concerned with the movement of the products and services from batch and queue and the flow is continued and is also focused on the requirements of the product or service, instead to that of the business corporation (pm-partners 2015). Large wastage is created during the process of flow of the products. It can be estimated that approximately 90% of wastage is created while the process of flow in the system This princi ples of lean process is concerned with the development and implementation of the techniques and strategies which will bring a continuous form of improvement in the flow and which will lead to substantial savings (Qureshi et al., Bahru, 2015). This will also enhance the quality of the services offered to the consumers and which will increase their satisfaction level. These are some of the reasons for the extension of the lean principles to customers flow. Sustaining motivation and reinvent in lean program Motivation can be considered as one of the key factor in the success and growth for any of the task or the project. There are number of strategies and mechanisms which can be used by SONAE MC for motivating and reinventing the project for its sustainability: Lead and manage by example The team members are always keen to watch their seniors and perform accordingly. So it is of very much significance for the mangers to lead in an effective manner so as to set the examples for the team members (Eshna 2017). The managers of SONAE MC will require to be honest, transparent with the work. This approach has been considered as very much contagious and also motivates the other team members. Be direct The project managers are required to be direct and open with their communication which will also enable the team members to perform well and a development of will and interest will also be observed. This in-turn will enhance their efficiency and effectiveness and which will be reflected in the tasks and projects performed. These can be considered as the strategies which can be attained by the managers for sustaining motivation and reinventing. Generation of momentum In the above executed analysis it has been observed that development of a push or a force is required for performing each and every task. This force or the push is known as momentum which enhances the efficiency and effectiveness of the task and also provides a hike to the performance level. SONAE MC is the business entity which has been making the use of the lean approaches for bringing minimization in the wastage occurred during the various operations. Further, the strategy has been described for generating the momentum. The lifecycle of the lean project and also the implementation of the lean principles are also determined in the further analysis. Different phases of the life cycle have been presented in the analysis which is demonstrating the implementation of the lean principles in the Business Corporation. Moreover, the adoption and implementation of the lean principles showed some benefits which were also discussed and are presented as follows. There was an increase in the productivity Also a reduction in the inventory level was observed Reduced stock-outs Reduction in breakages Further a discussion over the ways through which SONAE MC decided to expand the business operations is done and the same are mentioned as below: For all the sectors in the stores Inclusion of additional lean approaches And considering each and every employee with the program Challenges in implementation of lean principles From the above carried out analysis it has been observe that implementation process of lean principles has been considered as very much significance. SONAE MC also faced number of challenges and issues while implementing these principles in the organizational structure. The main concern of the concept of lean principle is the minimization of the waste and also reduction of expenses through modifications and continuous improvements in the operational efficiencies. Also the concept relies on the integrated mechanisms of systems and also the radical shift in the organization etc. The first discussed issue is the supply chain issue which is concerned with number of number of variables. As the business entity will require materials and a smooth supply of goods and for the same the business entity to develop close coordination with providers, notwithstanding going similarly as incorporating computerized requesting and arranges satisfaction frameworks between the organizations. Extension of lean principles to customer flows From the above executed summary it has been concluded that the concept of extending he floe of the lean principles has been considered as an empirical term in the concept. And the key idea thought of this concept is that a flow should be created for the products and this flow can be from person, sections to sections in the organization, or facilities to facilities. It has also been observed that the concerned procedure sis all about process is all about making movement of the products or an individual through a service mechanism. Moreover, this business concept is also ideally concerned with the movement of the products and services from batch and queue and the flow is continued and is also focused on the requirements of the product or service, instead to that of the business corporation. Large wastage is created during the process of flow of the products. It can be estimated that approximately 90% of wastage is created while the process of flow in the system. Moreover, there were so me problems which were faced by the implementation of the process. A difficulty was developed to have a visibility, due to the large teams of about 20000 employees. Also due to some circumstances there was a need for an internal audit system. And hence SIM auditing system was introduced .i.e. (System for the implementation of Kaizen Improvements). Sustaining motivation and reinvent in lean program Motivation and reinventing has been considered as one of the relevant and significant for developing a sustaining position for the business entity in the competitive environment. It has also been observed that the concept of motivation can be considered as one of the key factor in the success and growth for any of the task or the project. There are some strategies which can be adopted by the business entity for developing and sustaining in the competitive environment. Leading and managing the and setting examples, being direct and specific, work should e transparent are some of the examples of the strategies which can be implemented so as to make the work efficient within the organization. Conclusion In the limelight of the above executed analysis it has been concluded that the operations management is an integral part for any of the business organization. The report has been segmented in various divisions which comprises of the adoption of the lean principle and the theories of the same within the organizational structure. The further analysis includes the description of generation of momentum for starting the lean project and also the lifecycle of the same approach. Moreover, the evaluation is also done for the challenges which are faced by the business organization while implementation of the lean principles. And also the extension of tee lean principles till the customers flow has been explained. Moreover, at last it has been observed that involving everyone has been considered as a key factor in the implementation process and tis also involves how the business entity will sustain motivation and reinvent the lean program. References Ahmad, S.A.S., 2013. Culture and lean manufacturing: towards a holistic framework.Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences,7(1), pp.334-338. 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PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Krajewski, L.J., Ritzman, L.P. and Malhotra, M.K., 2013.Operations management: processes and supply chains(Vol. 1). New York, NY: Pearson. Modi, D.B. and Thakkar, H., 2014. Lean thinking: reduction of waste, lead time, cost through lean manufacturing tools and technique.International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering,4(3), pp.339-334. Nallusamy, S., Dinagaraj, G.B., Balakannan, K. and Satheesh, S., 2015. Sustainable green lean manufacturing practices in small scale industries-A case study.International Journal of Applied Engineering Research,10(62), pp.143-6. Naveen, K., Sunil, L., Sanjay, K. and Abid, H., 2013. Facilitating lean manufacturing systems implementation: role of top management.International Journal of Advances in Management and Economics (IJAME),2(3), pp.01-09. pm-partners, 2015, 5 principles of lean, Assessed on 22nd September 2017, https://www.pm-partners.com.au/5-lean-principles. 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